Non-invasive brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease: Clinical evidence, latest concepts and future goals: A systematic review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is becoming a major public-health issue in an aging population. Available approaches to treat advanced PD still have limitations; new therapies are needed. The non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) may offer complementary approach by personalized stimulation. Although NIBS not as effective the gold-standard levodopa, recent randomized controlled trials show promising outcomes treatment of symptoms. Nevertheless, only few NIBS-stimulation paradigms shown improve PD's Current clinical recommendations based on level evidence reported Table 1 through 3. Furthermore, novel technological advances hold promise and soon enable deeper structures for longer periods.